Venona decryptions identified most of the Soviet spies uncovered by American counterintelligence between 1948 and the mid-1950s. taken in 1944; it is courtesy the Los Alamos He had argued that the case should be dropped rather than reveal the FBI ... 64 of whom had been unknown to the FBI prior to the project. There were sensible reasons (discussed in chapter 2) for the decision to keep Venona a highly compartmentalized secret within the government. of their work, their lives, their appearance, and even their codename From within the Manhattan Project two physicists, Klaus Fuchs and Theodore Hall, and one technician, David Greenglass, transmitted the complex formula for extracting American code-breakers discovered that the Soviet Union was using a complex two-part ciphering system involving a "one-time pad" code that in theory was unbreakable. The Soviet Union's unrestrained espionage against the United States from 1942 to 1945 was of the type that a nation directs at an enemy state. along with the Venona decryptions, made senior Truman administration officials realize that reports of Soviet spying constituted more than FBI paranoia. To conclude the exercise students should read the announcement of the actual verdict. still often not apparent. International | precipitated his flight to the Soviet Union, along with his fellow diplomat and spy Guy Burgess. messages to be painstakingly decrypted. of secret American diplomatic cables to the KGB. someone working for the other side? Decoding Soviet Espionage in America. Venona in Soviet espionage, Elizabeth Bentley's extensive spy rings, the lesser but still significant American activities of Soviet military intelligence (GRU and Naval GRU) compared with that of the larger KGB, the broad Others should follow, so that ultimately a large network of agents will be displayed. rules for security vetting of many government employees lapsed or were ignored. civilization-destroying conflict, Stalin's death in March 1953 noticeably relaxed Soviet-American tensions. Why, according to the author of the memo, might it be unwise politically to try to use Venona information as trial evidence? courtesy the National Security Agency. Nonetheless, it was often possible to determine who each it permeated public attitudes toward domestic communism. Many history texts depicted America in the late 1940s and 1950s as a "nightmare in red" during as a Soviet source at the secret atomic bomb facility at Los Alamos, New Mexico. American officials assumed that some of the latter surely were still working When the Soviet Union exploded a nuclear device in 1949, ordinary Americans as well as the nation's leaders realized With less successful espionage, the Soviet Union might not have developed the bomb until after Stalin's The resulting trial, conviction, and death sentence of this young, middle-class couple divided the nation, and kept the issue of Soviet espionage before the American public for years to come. These included the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg spying case and the defections of Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess to the Soviet Union. The text of this order may be found at Teaching American History, along with speeches by Truman and Rep. Chester E. Holifield (D-California) related to the loyalty program. officials even whitewashed evidence pointing to the theft of American classified documents in the 1945 Amerasia case (see chapter 6) because they did not wish to put at risk the continuation of the wartime Soviet-American Another useful resource is the National Archives Educator Resources of the National Archives, which features a set of Document Analysis Worksheets. In some cases, especially when the American Communist party as an auxiliary of the intelligence agencies of the Soviet Union. For nearly fifty years American intelligence agents had been decoding thousands of Soviet messages, uncovering an enormous range of espionage activities carried out against the United States during World War II by its own allies.

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