On 11 August 1804, as a response to the coronation of Napoleon as emperor of the French earlier that year, he announced that he would henceforth assume the title of hereditary emperor of Austria, ruling from 1804 to 1835 as Francis I. The author Franz Grillparzer, a Habsburg patriot, had one play suppressed solely as a "precautionary" measure. Born intellectually disabled (like her eldest brother, Emperor Ferdinand I) and to have suffered from a severe facial deformity. Although Francis despised Napoleon as an upstart, he did not for reasons of state dare to refuse him the hand of his daughter Marie-Louise, whom Napoleon married in 1810. During the War of the Third Coalition, the Austrian forces met a crushing defeat at Austerlitz, and Francis had to agree to the Treaty of Pressburg, which greatly weakened Austria and brought about the final collapse of Holy Roman Empire. The Catechism of the Catholic Church speaks only of Christ as the king who is to be manifested in "the last days". "[3] The young Archduke was isolated, the reasoning being that this would make him more self-sufficient as it was felt by Joseph that Francis "failed to lead himself, to do his own thinking." An absolutist who hated constitutionalism in any form, he supported Austria’s first coalition war against France (1792–97), sometimes taking the field himself, until forced to accept the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797), by which the empire lost Lombardy and the left bank of the Rhine. After the death of Joseph II in 1790, Francis's father became Emperor. The notion of Great Catholic Monarch is related to it, as is the notion of the Angelic Pope. It developed over the centuries, becoming particularly prominent in the 15th century. To complete his training, Francis was sent to join an army regiment in Hungary and he settled easily into the routine of military life.[4]. He also served as the first president of the German Confederation following its establishment in 1815. [5], An 1871 book, Future Career of Napoleon, advocated Napoleon III's reign as Roman Emperor over a 'new ten-kingdomed Roman Empire'.[6]. Marquis de la Franquerie de la Tour, André Lesage, This page was last edited on 13 April 2020, at 21:17. Francis was a son of Emperor Leopold II (1747–1792) and his wife Maria Luisa of Spain (1745–1792), daughter of Charles III of Spain. When Leopold died with tragic suddenness in 1792, his young son, Francis, delivered a coronation oath that went through the motions of conforming, but soon afterward he returned to the old ways. [21], Francis presented himself as an open and approachable monarch (he regularly set aside two mornings each week to meet his imperial subjects, regardless of status, by appointment in his office, even speaking to them in their own language),[22] but his will was sovereign. The concept of the Great King features prominently in mystical and folk traditions, as well as writings of people thought to have been granted gifts of prophecy or special visitations by messengers from heaven (such as angels, saints, or Christ). The German Confederation, a loose association of Central European states was created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Francis II's grandchildren include Napoleon II (Napoleon's only legitimate son), Franz Joseph I of Austria, Maximilian I of Mexico, Maria II of Portugal and Pedro II of Brazil. Francis passed on a main point in the political testament he left for his son and heir Ferdinand to; "preserve unity in the family and regard it as one of the highest goods." [17] Even his family did not escape attention. [2] It still had great currency in the fifteenth century.[4]. Francis was born in Florence, the capital of Tuscany, where his father reigned as Grand Duke from 1765 to 1790. Soon after Napoleon created the Confederation of the Rhine, Francis abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The last Holy Roman Emperor and first Emperor of Austria. [3] Another important impetus came from the oracles of the Tiburtine Sibyl, first recorded in Latin around the year 1000; its legend proved particularly adaptable to rulers all over Europe, containing as it did a list of emperors and kings leading up to the Last Emperor which could be revised or added to as political and dynastic circumstances required. In 1794, a "Jacobin" conspiracy was discovered in the Austrian and Hungarian armies.

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