A perfect correlation is indicated by the grey line. Cooking Method. 2017). Metabolomics The observed phytochemical variation was not distributed randomly, but showed a clear pattern that was largely in line with the presumed gene pool structure of lettuce. Ascorbic acid was analysed using a Waters W2695 HPLC module connected to a Waters W2996 PDA detector (220–400 nm). We are also grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. Phytochemicals more or less specific to a species included phenylpropanoids like caffeoylmalic acid (ID 666) in L. sativa, two isomers of coumaroyl–caffeoylmalic acid (ID 1427 and ID 1368) in L. serriola and phenylethanol-glycoside (ID 596) in L. saligna, as well as the sesquiterpene-lactone lactucopicriside (ID 1317) and the flavone methoxyluteolin-hexoside (ID 1189) in L. virosa. May 26, 2019 - Not all lettuce is equal. As shown in Fig. Due to experimental failure, vitamin C data were absent for both TKI-454 and TKI-471. 2017), while reference genomes of L. serriola, L. saligna and L. virosa are expected to become publically available in the near future and large-scale DNA resequencing projects are underway for Lactuca germplasm. Comparison of anonymous and targeted molecular markers for the estimation of genetic diversity in ex situ conserved Lactuca. Material for quality control samples (technical repeats) was prepared by pooling an equal aliquot of the frozen powder of each sample. For every 15 samples, 6 quality control samples were simultaneously extracted. American Journal of Botany, 88, 1881–1887. Euphytica, 210, 309–326. Also the more exotic species L. biennis, L. canadensis, L. indica, L. perennis, L. taraxacifolia, L. tatarica and L. viminea, representing tertiary gene pool species or even taxa considered more distantly related to cultivated lettuce, formed a separate group within the wild Lactuca germplasm. Statistical analyses were performed in R (R Core Team 2017) using in-house scripts. Mass profiles were collected in the m/z range 95–1300 in centroid mode and at a resolution of 60,000. Metabolites detected by LCMS were subjected to multivariate analysis, i.e. Our large-scale analysis of phytochemical variation is unprecedented in lettuce and demonstrated the ample availability of suitable genetic resources for the development of improved lettuce varieties with higher nutritional quality and more sustainable production. (2006). Genetic relationships and structured diversity of Lactuca georgica germplasm from Armenia and the Russian Federation among other members of Lactuca L., subsection Lactuca L., assessed by TRAP markers. © 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a main leafy vegetable for human consumption and an economically important food crop worldwide. Khan, S. A., Chibon, P. Y., de Vos, R. C. H., Schipper, B. These findings may point towards the influence of population structure, causing spurious relationships between different characters, but may also reflect related phytochemicals derived from the same biochemical pathway. PubMed  Within the group of L. sativa, no clear distinction between the crop types was observed. Saved from myrecipes.com. Journal of Plant Physiology, 166, 180–191. Using multiple online databases, including KNApSAcK (http://kanaya.naist.jp/KNApSAcK/), Dictionary of Natural Products (http://dnp.chemnetbase.com), Metlin (https://metlin.scripps.edu/), HMD (http://www.hmdb.ca), in-house libraries based on standards, as well as the mass spectra information within the clustered mass peaks and from additional LCMS runs (actually LC–PDA–LTQ–FTMS) generating accurate mass spectral trees from the top 3 intensity ions every 30 s (Van der Hooft et al. Phytochemical variation was investigated using 150 Lactuca genebank accessions, comprising a core set of the lettuce gene pool, and resulting data were related to available phenotypic information. Interestingly, in most L. saligna accessions both chicoric acid (di caffeoyl-tartaric acid; ID 1090) and caftaric acid (mono caffeoyl-tartaric acid; ID343) were relatively low compared to other species, while chlorogenic acid (caffeoyl-quinic acid) is relatively high, suggesting that the tartaric acid esterification to caffeic acid is limited in this particular species. Many phytochemicals appeared species-specific, of which several are generally related to traits that are associated with plant health or nutritional value. Also molecular studies have shown the absence of a clear population structure within L. sativa, which is likely due to the use of breeding parents from different crop types in breeding for new cultivars (Hu et al. PubMed Google Scholar. Re-analysis of the original leaf material indicated that this finding was clearly due to a leaf sampling error, and therefore all data of TKI-464 were discarded from further statistical analyses. Therefore, oilseed lettuce is considered the most primitive form in the domestication of lettuce. Within this group of primary gene pool species, the analysed accessions of L. serriola, L. altaica, L. dregeana and L. aculeata did not cluster in distinct species groups. Samples were vortexed, sonicated for 15 min and centrifuged at maximum speed for 20 min. Euphytica, 144, 225–235. Centre for Genetic Resources, the Netherlands, Wageningen Plant Research, P.O. These taxonomic ambiguities have also been found in molecular studies (Koopman et al. Google Scholar. Journal of Chromatography A, 1313, 212–227. Euphytica, 53, 31–35. Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization, 11, 15–25. 2001). Google Scholar. 2018). All plants of the core set, with the exception of the outcrossing species, were maintained for seed production by self-fertilization. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14, 12780–12805. Relatively low values were found for the more modern crop types, their mean level ranging from 85.2 mg per kg fresh weight for crisphead to 138.2 for latin lettuce. During the experiment it appeared that the LCMS profile of one of the L. aculeata samples (TKI-464) strongly resembled those obtained for the four L. georgica samples. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 119, 1265–1279. Development of EST-SSR markers for the study of population structure in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Toward a rational classification of cultivated plants. Oh et al. Genetic analysis of metabolites in apple fruits indicates an mQTL hotspot for phenolic compounds on linkage group 16. Sensitive mass spectrometry-based analytical techniques, and especially untargeted approaches including unbiased data processing, nowadays enable the analysis of up to several hundred metabolites in parallel, providing deep insight into the metabolome similarities and differences between series of samples, e.g. Chadwick, M., Trewin, H., Gawthrop, F., & Wagstaff, C. (2013). Towards new sources of resistance to the currant-lettuce aphid (Nasonovia ribisnigri). Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 49, 19–34. Abu-Reidah, I. M., Contreras, M. M., Arráez-Román, D., Segura-Carretero, A., & Fernández-Gutiérrez, A. Van Hintum 2003) data. Reversed-phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry as a powerful tool for metabolic profiling of vegetables: Lactuca sativa as an example of its application. These data are also available via CGN’s website (CGN 2017b) and via the MetaboLights data repository (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/metabolights/). 2012). (2018). 377–472). Species that can produce at least some fertile hybrids are assigned to the secondary gene pool, while species that can only be crossed through specific techniques, such as embryo rescue or bridge crosses, are considered to belong to the tertiary gene pool (Harlan and de Wet 1971). With the exception of TKI-139, all L. sativa samples clustered in a single group, separate from the wild Lactuca species. New York: Springer. Slightly bitter in taste and hearty by texture, you need to get rid of the fibrous center rib. This core set mainly covered all seven crop types of cultivated lettuce and the main wild relatives L. serriola, L. saligna and L. virosa. Nutritional value, bioactive compounds and health benefits of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). 1990) and lettuce breeding has been directed towards relatively low levels of such bitter compounds. CAS  Frozen leaf material was ground into a fine powder using liquid nitrogen. PubMed  This TKI-139 is documented as cultivated oilseed lettuce and appeared phytochemically closely related to TKI-140, a specimen of L. serriola also documented as oilseed lettuce. On the other hand, depending upon their exact chemical structure, SLs are potentially beneficial to human health by exerting relevant pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic effects, while in the plant they function as anti-microbial or anti-feeding compounds helping to protect against pests and diseases (e.g. Article  present in < 3 samples or with an ion intensity lower than 1000 in all samples, 55,243 mass signals remained that were subjected to MSClust software (Tikunov et al. Phytochemicals are denoted by their cluster identification code at the top of each plot. This article does not contain any studies with human and/or animal participants performed by any of the authors. Berlin: Springer.

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