Aquitaine was no sinecure. Alexander was just 16 when Philip went to battle the Byzantine Empire and left his son in charge of Macedonia. Irmingard also participated in her husband’s efforts to reform monastic life, which were spearheaded by Benedict of Aniane, a Goth who had founded a monastery on his family’s property. The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (256 BC–125 BC) seceded from the Seleucid Empire. For more than two centuries, the Achaemenid Empire of Persia ruled the Mediterranean world. There was a palace revolt in 830, and in 833 when Louis agreed to meet Lothair to settle their differences (at what became known as the "Field of Lies," in Alsace), he was instead confronted by all his sons and a coalition of their supporters, who forced him to abdicate. Pushed too far, Alexander killed Cleitus with a spear, a spontaneous act of violence that anguished him. Parthian Empire (247 BC–224 AD) was founded by Arsaces I of Parthia, who led the Parni tribe (an Iranian people) from the region of Parthia. Laconic contemporary sources suggest that neither the pope nor the new emperor completely understood the meaning of the revival of the imperial office. to King Philip II and Queen Olympias—although legend had it his father was none other than Zeus, the ruler of the Greek gods. The answer to that question furnished Louis with a platform for a reform agenda that began at the centre. One event took place at Hydaspes which devastated Alexander: the death of his beloved horse, Bucephalus. Which ruler of Egypt disappeared in 1021 and is revered by the Druze? In the preceding centuries, Greek city-states were governed by a variety of entities, including kings, oligarchies, tyrants, and, as in the case of Athens, a democracy.” The birth of a fourth son in 823 to Louis and his second wife, Judith, triggered a dynastic crisis. He was an impassioned champion of a strong federal government, and played a key role in defending ...read more, 1. Two, Odo and his brother Robert I were Robertians, while Robert's son-in-law Raoul/Rudolph was a Bosonid. However, the young child's reign was entirely fictional, as he was residing in Austria with his mother. In 794 Charlemagne picked a bride for 16-year-old Louis, already the father of two children by concubines. Other Iranian dynasties tended to be more Sunni Islam, and included the Samanids (819–999), Tahirids (821–873), Saffarids (861–1003), Sajids (889–929), Ziyarids (930–1090), and Sallarids (942–979). Louis the Pious, also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of the Franks and co-emperor with his father, Charlemagne, from 813. In early 324 B.C., Alexander reached the city of Susa in Persia. Benedict was only one of a group of southerners destined to play significant roles in Louis’s reign. Bucephalus. Not listed above are Hugh Magnus, eldest son of Robert II, and Philip of France, eldest son of Louis VI; both were co-Kings with their fathers (in accordance with the early Capetian practice whereby Kings would crown their heirs in their own lifetimes and share power with the co-king), but predeceased them. Victory went to Alexander and the Macedonians. It was succeeded by the Sasanian Empire. It was a constitutional innovation known as popular monarchy which linked the monarch's title to the French people rather than to the possession of the territory of France. In addition to the monarchs listed below, the Kings of England and Great Britain from 1340–60 and 1369–1801 also claimed the title of King of France. In 811 Charlemagne had revealed the deep pessimism of his last years when he had asked the leaders of his empire, "Are we indeed Christians?" Alexander of Macedonia. Livius.org. Later on came a period of Theban hegemony, before the expansion of Macedonia under Philip II. The first known Polish ruler is Duke Mieszko I who adopted Christianity under the authority of Rome in the year 966. He continued to rule energetically and decisively until his death in 840. © 2020 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Test your knowledge. He ruled England, which was the source of his revenues. He amassed a large fleet, finally breached the city’s walls in July 332 B.C. Legends abound about what transpired at the oracle, but Alexander kept mum about the experience. 795) became coemperor with Louis; Pippin (b. All Rights Reserved. Melissa Snell is a historical researcher and writer specializing in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. After the Battle of Actium (31 BC) and his defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra, Octavian became the first emperor as Augustus (27 BC), ending the republic. Thanks to his insatiable urge for world supremacy, he started plans to conquer Arabia. He was also King of Aquitaine from 781. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. Alexander’s forces were greatly outnumbered in men but not in experience or the determination for revenge and to claim Persia’s great wealth, much of it plundered. He turned Macedonia (a region on the northern part of the Greek peninsula) into a force to be reckoned with, and he fantasized about conquering the massive Persian Empire. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. San Jose State University. But upon their deaths, according to Frankish custom, the kingdom would often be split once again between their sons. Helisachar, a Goth, served as Louis’s chancellor and as the abbot of several monasteries. Take this quiz. It ended with the emergence of the Roman Empire, particularly signified by the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 BC, and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt (and death of Cleopatra and Mark Anthony) in 30 BC, following the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. He ...read more, Alexander Hamilton Stephens (1812-1883) served as vice president of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War (1861-65). In 327 B.C., Alexander marched on Punjab, India. Livius.org. He was succeeded by his son, Bolesław I the Brave, who greatly expanded the boundaries of the Polish … Ancient History Encyclopedia. In 813 he became co-emperor with his father, then, when Charlemagne died a year later, he inherited the empire -- though not the title Roman Emperor. One, the anonymous author of the Life of Emperor Louis, paid his subject a high compliment when he compared Louis’s actions to those of the Roman emperor Theodosius the Great. Author of. But Persia’s rule as a ...read more, Born into obscurity in the British West Indies, Alexander Hamilton made his reputation during the Revolutionary War and became one of America’s most influential Founding Fathers. But he’d never live to see it happen. For a complete list of the various Merovingian kings and the specific territories they controlled, see List of Frankish kings. The branches of the dynasty which ruled after 1328, however, are generally given the specific branch names of Valois and Bourbon. In 751, Pepin deposed Childerich and acceded to the throne. But Rome had acquired imperial character from the 130s BC with the acquisition of Cisalpine Gaul, Illyria, Greece and Hispania; and with the acquisition of Iudaea, Asia Minor and Gaul in the 1st century BC. In these documents and those that followed, Louis portrayed himself as emperor of the Christian people, not of various ethnic groups. Córdoba (756–1031): the Sunni Umayyads held on to al-Andalus (Iberia) as the Emirate of Córdoba, which became the Caliphate of Córdoba in 939. But within a year Louis had been released from confinement and was back in power. During its long history, France has gone through numerous types of government. At the same time, Philip II, his overlord, the King of France (who ruled essentially just Paris and its environs) had to go on Crusade in part to remove the stigma of his father Louis VII, who had done so poorly. to its conquest by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C.—ancient Egypt was the preeminent civilization in the Mediterranean world. Lists of political office-holders in France, Provisional Government of the French Republic, Legitimist claimants to the throne of France, Legitimist-Anjou claimants to the throne France, Orléanist claimants to the throne of France, Bonapartist claimants to the throne of France, English claimaints to the throne of France, Jacobite claimants to the throne of France, English and French monarchs overlap chart, http://books.google.com/books?id=HbfJX2Y1bBkC, The Origins of France: Clovis to the Capetians 500-1000, The Cambridge Illustrated History of France, https://familypedia.wikia.org/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs?oldid=871041, • Tenth generation descendant of Louis IX in the male line, • Sixth generation descendant of Louis XIII in the male line, The history of France as recounted in the. The Macedonians were less than thrilled with the changes in Alexander and his attempt to be viewed as a deity. But we know from Astronomus, I've already mentioned it, that Louis the Pious was first born during his father's subsequent absence from Chasseneuil. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. After several weeks, he took the town and entered Egypt where he established the city that still bears his name: Alexandria. Some historians say Alexander died of malaria or other natural causes; others believe he was poisoned. Fed up with Alexander’s new Persian-like persona, a drunk Cleitus continually insulted Alexander and minimized his achievements. It fell to the Empire of Alexander the Great after the defeat of Darius III. Most of Northern France was under English control until 1435, but by 1453, the English had been expelled from all of France save Calais (and the Channel Islands), and Calais itself fell in 1558. The First French Republic lasted from 1792 to 1804, when its First Consul, Napoléon Bonaparte, declared himself Emperor of the French. After rejecting another peace offer from Darius, Alexander set out for Egypt. To gain credibility with the Persians, Alexander took on many Persian customs. Louis I, byname Louis the Pious, or the Debonair, French Louis le Pieux, or le Débonnaire, German Ludwig der Fromme, (born April 16, 778, Chasseneuil, near Poitiers, Aquitaine [now in France]—died June 20, 840, Petersau, an island in the Rhine River near Ingelheim [now in Germany]), Carolingian ruler of the Franks who succeeded his father, Charlemagne, as emperor in 814 and whose 26-year reign (the longest of … Though Alexander the Great died before realizing his dream of uniting a new realm, his influence on Greek and Asian culture was so profound that it inspired a new historical epoch—the Hellenistic Period. Louis I was known for: Holding the Carolingian Empire together in the wake of his father Charlemagne's death. Clovis I was the first of these to rise to true kingship. Louis I waged many wars of expansion against such countries as the Kingdom of Naples (1347–48, 1350), Venice, and Lithuania (1351, 1372, 1377). First Republic (1792–1804) Edit. Louis was the only designated heir to survive his father. During Roman Republic, Rome's control greatly expanded, from around the city to over most of the Mediterranean world. When Theuderic IV died in 737, Mayor of the Palace Charles Martel left the throne vacant and continued to rule until his own death in 741. He was no less dynamic in the political realm. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.

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