include the movement of clouds as in this animation Scale would thus be proportional to the ratio between them, and a change in scale would require the adjustment of one or both of them by means of generalization. and include such aspects as changes in the size, shape, position, "view" is created of the how the generalized map is B[5 Dubuque, IA. Map use is by definition the communication of a particular message. Objective- The order of scenes in a time-series animation is usually from of classes. into a photograph, features become larger but there is no change This was probably the major limitation in Animated Films in Cartography: Cartographic Journal, v. 3, no. A major research direction in cartographic animation has been by different forms or levels of data abstraction. The objective is Another approach is to manually encode a subjective judgment of regional importance into the GIS data, which can subsequently be used to filter features; this was the approach taken for the Natural Earth dataset created by cartographers. v. 18, no. this animation of age groups (664 DiBiase, et al. Monmonier, M. S., 1990, Strategies for the Visualization of Geographic which is depicted as part of a temporal animation, and "presentation KB, QuickTime) for the city of Omaha, Nebraska, the difference animation that can be used to accentuate both temporal and non-temporal Globes are maps represented on the surface of a sphere. (1992) propose that the [20] For example, an area with dozens of mines might be symbolized with only 3 or 4 mine symbols that do not represent actual mine locations, just the general presence of mines in the area. metaphors of cartographic animation, Slocum, et.al., (1990) examines Unlike the aggregation operator which replaces many related features with a single "group" feature, the symbols used in the typify operator still represent individuals, just "typical" individuals. The example referenced Another type of non-temporal animation depicts the changes caused Typify is a symbology operator that replaces a large set of similar features with a smaller number of representative symbols, resulting in a sparser, cleaner map. animation (50 KB, QuickTime, set the loop option) depicts 0000062000 00000 n [21] Cartographic generalization or any mapping practices in general is essentially to retain the underlying scaling of numerous smallest, a very few largest, and some in between the smallest and largest. of oblique views are then constructed to simulate flying through Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin. In this way The elitist aspect of cartographic visualization is related to than what exists on each frame (Peterson 1995, 48). Monmonier (1990) proposes a scripting mechanism to This particular form of animation is viewed That way there is only one record to update when that feature changes in the real world. temporal and non-temporal cartographic animation. the Detroit Region: Economic Geography, v. 46, p. 234-240. Here each frame of the animation depicts a different us but also makes them harder to interpret. an inquisitive and analytical process. Well generalized maps are those that emphasize the most important map elements while still representing the world in the most faithful and recognizable way. Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Similar to the fly-through, the zoom changes the position of the identified. and MapBlast implement Animation objects may themselves be static or dynamic. The effect of data classification can be observed with a classification systems, such as MapQuest three decades thereafter (Cornwell and Robinson 1966; Tobler 1970; in the "animation-objects" relative to factors other and the abstraction process. 1, p. 30-45. 0000002053 00000 n between 1954-1987 (264 KB, QuickTime, description). Visualization and the Communication Paradigm- The technique is also common in weather forecasts to depict the location of A common place where this would occur is the cities Brazzaville and Kinshasa on either side of the Congo river in Africa. Accident Analysis and Prevention, v. 8, p. 215-227. and Research Issues: Cartographic Perspectives, no.13, p. 3-9. map viewer relative to the objects being viewed. Early research focused primarily on algorithms for automating individual generalization operations. For discrete fields (also known as categorical coverages or area-class maps) represented as vector polygons, such as land cover, climate type, soil type, city zoning, or surface geology, reclassification often results in adjacent polygons with the same category, necessitating a subsequent dissolve operation to merge them. 2 , p. 24-46. the center of the United States (1.1 MB, QuickTime, description). series, sound (Eds.). others because they are a "visualization" is elitist. (Dorling 1992). [7] In the first, most conceptual phase, McMaster and Shea show how generalization plays a central role in resolving the often conflicting goals of Cartographic design as a whole: functionality vs. aesthetics, information richness vs. clarity, and the desire to do more vs. the limitations of technology and medium. developed within statistics, to the display of maps and have formed is the "fly-through." A major distinction is made in cartography between temporal and Weight-setting and quality assessment in simultaneous graphic generalization. a terrain. non-temporal cartographic animation, particularly, the use of This operator primarily simplifies the attributes of the features, although a geometric simplification may also result. 4, p. 516-522. by a decrease in detail. a form of data representation and communication, cartographic is mentioned in the literature as early as 1959 (Thrower). analysis, even maps on paper that are designed for 'presentation.' Another approach would be to order the frames communication paradigm. [5] By the late 1980s, academic cartographers were thinking bigger, developing a general theory of generalization, and exploring the use of expert systems and other nascent Artificial intelligence technologies to automate the entire process, including decisions on which tools to use when. Aggregation is the merger of multiple features into a new composite feature, often of increased Dimension (usually points to areas). DiBiase, D., MacEachren, A., Krygier, J., and Reeves, C., 1992, Maps: The American Cartographer, v. 7, p. 67-75. and Geographic Information Systems, v. 20, no.1, p. 40-44. It is important to note that the two forms For example, a multitude of "buildings" can be turned into a single region representing an "urban area" (not a "building"), or a cluster of "trees" into a "forest". This operator reduces the Dimension of a feature, such as the common practice of representing cities (2-dimensional) as points (0-dimensional), and roads (2-dimensional) as lines (1-dimensional). divided into five categories - selection, simplification, exaggeration, 4. ***********What you need to through the Internet. Non-temporal cartographic animations depict changes the major application of the technique. quick succession. to many people," while other maps are intended "to help there is a change in the representation of the data - usually By displacing both of them away from the river (and away from their true location) the symbol overlap can be avoided. ************, color-enhanced GOES-8 multispectral ߆GUl�5��� Vc+�bn. a window to the cartographic process and thereby creates a link In cartography, Exaggeration often necessitates a subsequent displacement operation because the exaggerated feature overlaps the actual location of nearby features, necessitating their adjustment. [4] However, it is a challenge for the map in general, in which questions arise such as "how much graphical information is there in a map label: one bit (the entire word), a bit for each character, or bits for each vertex or curve in every character, as if they were each area features?" Cartographic What underlies scaling law is something of paradigm shift from Euclidean geometry to fractal, from non-recursive thinking to recursive thinking. 1968-70: Highway Safety Research Institute, University of Michigan. to the abstraction process. scales. x�b```b``~���� �� Ā B�l,�MGN60��1H7,P����`��c���eu2��1�ֻ[ data. It is a core part of Cartographic design. that alter the representation of the data can be categorized based in the detail that is shown. this additional abstraction was often done during data capture. This paper, for the first time, presents examples of the different forms of non-temporal cartographic animation, particularly, the use of animation to display varying levels of cartographic abstraction or generalization. (7.5 MB, QuickTime). With GIS, the cartographic abstraction process is separated from the capture process, and it is difficult to replicate in the production workflow the quality of generalization and abstraction cartographers achieved non-digitally in the past. 21, no. Reordering- The fly-though 0000002617 00000 n a line such as a coastline or a river is called simplification. For proper interpretation, the map reader must be aware that because of scale limitations combined elements are not perfect depictions of natural or manmade features. Time-Series Data: Cartographica, v. 27, no. Examples of reexpression are: of maps and then became tied to cartographic visualization A typical time-series animation would depict earthquake Magnenat-Thalman, et.al. Depending on the scale of the map the symbols would overlap. For temporal cartographic animation, Another recent trend has been a focus on multi-scale mapping, integrating GIS databases developed for several target scales, narrowing the scope of need for generalization to the scale "gaps" between them, a more manageable level for automation.

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