However, the comeback of great power conflicts and the blatancy of global power shifts has led to a kind of resurgence of theoretical approaches that focus on the role of power. The second central difference between the theories that I want to discuss here relates to the fact that realism is notorious for treating the state as a unitary actor and, even more, a black box. Geopolitics, History, and International Relations 8(2): 127–158. It is the most popular theory for explaining Russian foreign policy attitudes in Western world. 192. In bipolar distributions of power (two great powers) states will balance through internal military buildup. A balance, on the other hand, is in effect in the international (or a regional) system when there is equilibrium between the most important alliances taken together, while the power-relation between single protagonists might be subject to grave disparities. “Adjusting Power Transition Theory – Satisfaction with the Status Quo, International Power Constellations, and the Case of the Weimar Republic”. His research has dealt with the rise and fall of great powers, revisionism in the international system, power transition theory and more generally, IR-theory, as well as Indian foreign policy. There is one power (state A) that is clearly predominant. The US itself, on the other hand, has – as has been pointed out above – a number of powerful allies in all parts of the world, from other NATO members up to Japan and Australia. Sheehan provides a comprehensive and historical overview of the principle and practice of balance of power theory. He received his PhD from Goethe University, Frankfurt in 2013. London: Routledge. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. The Vienna Conventions on Diplomatic and Consular Relation... Theories of International Relations, Feminist, Time Series Approaches to International Affairs, War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714), World War II Diplomacy and Political Relations. Levy, Jack S., and William R. Thompson. Natural Friends? Sheehan, Michael. 1996. Addressing the wide range of interpretations of balance of power theory and the ambiguity of the concept, the authors test the proposition that states balance against concentrations of power. Kim, Woosang, and Scott Gates. Some critics contend that the theory cannot provide guidance to states in a unipolar system since it developed out of centuries of multipolarity and decades of bipolarity. Review of International Studies 36(4): 881–901. This becomes especially apparent when PTT authors ponder how the international system should be configured in order to minimise the probability of (great power) war. It belongs to the core of PTT that rising powers are often (but not always) dissatisfied with the international order, an order that – according to PTT – has been created by the dominant power (Lemke 2004, 56–7). Current History 107(705): 13–18. Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st Century. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. It is the combination of opportunity and motivation, of a parity-situation and dissatisfaction that constitutes a danger for the stability of the international order (Nolte 2010, 888; Lemke 2004, 57). Baden-Baden: Nomos. (http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/03/23/are-the-brics-a-political-alliance accessed October 16, 2016). Applying this to the current power shifts and, most notably, the rise of China, I have argued that balance-of-power realism and power transition theory not only come to differing evaluations concerning the perilousness of the situation but also prescribe quite different policy choices to deal with the situation.

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