The purpose of this paper is to investigate the patterns and trends of drought incidence in north east highlands of Ethiopia using monthly rainfall record for the period 1984-2014.,Standard precipitation index and Mann – Kendal test were used to analyze drought incident and trends of drought occurrences, respectively. Whilst this appears trivial, the exact drought definition of drought is not. Utilization of models incorporating multiple drought categories, can relax this limitation. A copula-based model is proposed, which uses meteorological and hydrological drought indices to assess drought events for ultimate management of water resources, at small scales, i.e., sub-watersheds. Hydrological drought is measured by the decrease in available water supply in flowing streams and in surface and underground storage. In a changing climate, droughts occur more frequently with longer durations and wider affected areas ( Zhang and Zhou 2015 ), and northern China suffers from droughts the most. Hydrological drought additionally can be influenced by human water consumption if water use exceeds capture or recharge and leads to substantial declines in storage. These IDF curves are specific to the case study, but in general can describe how drought … cycle, which further influence the stationarity of the hydrologic regime. Hydrological droughts are the result of surface and subsurface water supplies from streams, rivers and lakes becoming scarce due to scanty rainfall. Drought can be further categorized based on how it is measured 9, 14: meteorological drought, which is defined based on the degree of dryness and the duration of the dry period due to less precipitation than normal; hydrological drought, which is based on the impacts of precipitation shortages on surface or sub-surface (groundwater) water supplies; The impact of the long-lasting 2002-2005 drought can be clearly seen in several other impor-tant hydroecological indicators (Fig.2). The analysis revealed 2 main types of hydrological drought response to meteorological drought: (1) a peak responsepat- Hydrological – precipitation deficits, with emphasis on effects on the hydrological ... Drought can be measured in many different . precipitation, soil moisture, reservoir levels, river flow, groundwater levels) or specific impacts (e.g. The models include water balance models with a simple (BILAN) or a detailed description of the évapotranspiration In order to reduce these destructive effects, it should be determined how often drought occurs and in which regions it is more severe (Gümüş 2017).Taking precautions against drought and being prepared will require determination of drought characteristics (Mishra & Nagarajan 2011). Drought monitoring at large scale is essential for fighting against drought. It’s important to understand that drought today isn’t only about nature. 5.4 Ecological Drought: Ecological drought can be defined as a prolonged and widespread deficit in naturally available water supplies that create multiple stresses across ecosystems. Rivers, lakes, streams and groundwater can get into what’s known as hydrological drought when their water levels fall. This collapse is a well-cited example of how past climate change—in this case, drought—can disrupt a population. Hydrological droughts are defined as periods during which the streamflow is below a certain threshold level. These impacts, such as reservoir levels, groundwater levels, etc., take longer to develop and it … the rivers, it is a better indicator of hydrological drought than instantaneous rainfall. Hydrological - conditions (surface and groundwater levels and flows) are measured continuously, drought or not, so it cover a longer time period with no resetting. Rivers, lakes, streams and groundwater can get into what’s known as hydrological drought when their water levels fall. Drought is generally defined as “a deficiency of precipitation over an extended period of time (usually a season or more), resulting in a water shortage.”. (UNISDR) Drought can be defined according to meteorological, agricultural, hydrological, and socio-economic criteria. Positive anomalies represent drought conditions whereas negative anomalies show no drought or normal conditions. In fact, shorter time scale SPIs, that is, up to a 3-month SPI, can provide DEWS and can contribute to the assessment of drought severity. Agricultural drought (“A”) can be defined as when there is insufficient moisture to meet the needs of a particular crop at a particular time.6 Hydrological drought (“H”) can be defined as deficiencies in water supplies, as measured by stream flows, lake Especially as different drought types are present, resulting from the different variables in a hydrological system, each with unique characteristics. Turning these conceptual definitions of drought into useful tools for people that rely on natural resources can be accomplished using drought indi-ces. Many different methods have been established to obtain these characteristics, which implies varying definitions of what precisely is classified as a drought. universal definition of drought is an unrealistic expectation. In regional analysis severity, the Climate change is anticipated to alter the demand and supply of water at the earth's surface. moisture content (not always measured) is often used, whereas streamflow is commonly used in measuring hydrological drought.Keyantash and Dracup20 evalu-ated the performance of a number of commonly used drought indices based on data from two local climate zones in Oregon, USA, and suggested that the rainfall moisture content (not always measured) is often used, whereas streamflow is commonly used in measuring hydrological drought.Keyantash and Dracup20 evalu-ated the performance of a number of commonly used drought indices based on data from two local climate zones in Oregon, USA, and suggested that the rainfall Drought characterization is complex and there are a wide range of meteorological or hydrological indices or indicators that can be used. This new technique would enable scientists to monitor changes in the altering global hydrological cycles more effectively. This de nition makes clear that drought is a quantity which can not be measured directly, but can be characterized by multiple climatological and hydrological indicators (Wilhite, 2000; Tallaksen and Van Lanen, 2004; Mishra and Singh, 2010). In addition, we can see from Figure 3 that the average duration of meteorological drought measured at all three time scales was relatively stable, with little spatial variability across all 17 catchments; however, the duration of hydrological drought varied significantly among all catchments.
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